PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) in Drinking Water

PFAS, often called "forever chemicals," are a group of over 12,000 synthetic chemicals that have been manufactured since the 1940s. They were used to make products resistant to water, grease, and stains -- think non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof clothing (Gore-Tex), food packaging, and firefighting foam. What makes PFAS unique and dangerous is that the carbon-fluorine bonds in their molecular structure are among the strongest in chemistry, meaning these chemicals essentially never break down in the environment or in your body.

PFAS contamination is now recognized as one of the most widespread environmental health threats in the United States. Studies by the USGS estimate that nearly half of U.S. tap water contains detectable levels of PFAS. The chemicals have been linked to increased cholesterol, thyroid disease, immune system suppression (including reduced vaccine effectiveness), reproductive problems, and increased risk of kidney and testicular cancers. Research continues to uncover new health effects, and the scientific consensus is that no level of exposure is truly safe.

In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first-ever national drinking water standard for PFAS, setting maximum contaminant levels of 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS individually. Water systems have until 2029 to comply. Communities near military bases, airports, industrial sites, and landfills tend to have the highest contamination levels, but PFAS can travel long distances through groundwater, making this a concern even in areas without obvious sources nearby.